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Cat. No.: CVSS-100 (for 100ml)

Cat. No.: CVSS-500 (for 500ml)

Description

Modified Giemsa Staining Solution, also known as Wright-Giemsa Staining Solution, is a staining solution used for staining samples such as cells, blood smears, bone marrow smears, or tissue sections. Based on the chemical nature of cellular components, the modified Giemsa staining solution can stain the cytoplasm in shades of pink or blue, and the cell nuclei in shades of purplish-red or bluish-purple. Under an optical microscope, this staining solution provides clear images of cells and chromosomes, facilitating the observation of internal cellular structures and the identification of abnormal changes.

Giemsa staining, named after the German chemist and bacteriologist Gustav Giemsa, was originally developed for the diagnosis of parasites in malaria patients. It later became widely used in histopathology and cytogenetics due to its high-quality staining of chromatin and nuclear membranes. Giemsa staining provides good cytoplasmic staining and clear structural visualization, although nuclear staining is deeper and nuclear structures are less well defined. The principle and results of Giemsa staining are similar to those of Romanowsky-type stains, and modified Giemsa staining combines the advantages of both methods, achieving satisfactory staining results for both the cytoplasm and the nuclei of cells.

This product employs anhydrous ethanol as a solvent, which enhances safety compared to the traditional methanol-based dissolution method.

Prepare the staining working solution (1X) according to the recommended dilution factor, and use 1ml of the staining working solution (1X) per sample. In this case, the 100ml and 500ml packaging of this kit can be used to test 2000 and 10000 samples, respectively.

Principle

The main components of the Modified Giemsa Staining Solution include azure B, azure II-eosin, and methylene blue. Among them, azure B is an alkaline dye (cationic dye) commonly used for staining chromosomes or nucleic acids. Eosin is an acidic dye (anionic dye) with oxazin and quinone benzene ring as chromophores and carboxyl groups (-COOH) as auxochromes. Methylene blue, on the other hand, is an alkaline dye (cationic dye) with azo groups (-N＝N-) as chromophores. The basic principle of staining is based on the binding of anionic components in acidic dyes with alkaline substances inside the cells, and the binding of cationic components in alkaline dyes with acidic substances inside the cells. Various cellular components have different chemical properties, leading to different affinities for various dyes.

The nuclei of cells primarily bind with compounds generated from the reaction of azure II and eosin, resulting in a purplish-red color in the cell nucleus. During the staining of red blood cells, primitive red blood cells, early erythrocyte cytoplasm, and nucleoli contain a higher concentration of acidic substances, thus appearing as a deeper blue color. Intermediate-stage erythrocytes contain both acidic and alkaline substances, leading to a reddish-blue or grayish-red color. In fully matured red blood cells, the acidic substances are completely absent, resulting in a pink color.

For cytoplasmic staining of white blood cells, various scenarios lead to different colors: eosinophilic granules in eosinophils combine with acidic dye eosin, presenting a pink color; basophilic granules in basophils combine with basic dyes methylene blue or azure B, appearing as blue-purple; neutrophilic granules in neutrophils can bind with eosin, methylene blue, and azure, resulting in a light purplish-red color. Moreover, the cytoplasm of monocytes or lymphocytes contains acidic proteins, thus being stained in shades of blue-purple or purplish-red. Different components' characteristics and their binding with the substances in the Modified Giemsa Staining Solution result in distinct colors, facilitating their differentiation. When staining other cells, the cytoplasm of metabolically active cells contains a higher concentration of acidic proteins, leading to a pink color upon binding with the compounds formed by azure II and eosin.

Storage

Store at room temperature, away from light. It is effective for a minimum of two years.

Precaution

• Blood smears or bone marrow smears should be evenly and appropriately thick to avoid affecting staining and photography.
• The diluted staining solution should have a metallic sheen; otherwise, the staining solution may have lost its effectiveness.
• Please dilute the staining working solution with neutral or near-neutral water, such as double distilled water, deionized water, or ultrapure water. Occasionally, a slight precipitate may occur at low temperatures, which does not affect staining results. Do not dilute with PBS, as it can lead to increased precipitation and affect staining results.
• Giemsa staining solution is toxic to humans and flammable. Exercise extreme caution when handling and ensure proper protection to prevent direct contact with the body or inhalation.
• This product is intended for scientific research by professionals only and should not be used for clinical diagnosis or treatment, food, or drugs, and should not be stored in ordinary households.
• For your safety and health, please wear lab attire and disposable gloves while handling.

Only for research and not intended for treatment of humans or animals

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